Analysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter

Alex Khosla Peritz, C Block October 31, 2014 A High Price to Pay Everything in life comes with a cost, be it a cost that can be paid with money or a cost that cannot be remedied in the physical world. In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne illustrates the high cost of identity and selfhood in society. Through the protagonist Hester Prynne, Hawthorne reveals the societal standards regarding chastity and sin that drive the high cost of identity and selfhood in society and their relation to the physical and metaphysical worlds. In addition, Hawthorne uses the townspeople of Boston, such as the old women in the town, high ranking officials, such as Governor Bellingham, Hester’s former husband, Roger Chillingworth, and her daughter, Pearl to further illustrate the high cost that Hester pays for her identity and selfhood. The cost of identity and selfhood is introduced from the beginning of the novel when the women are standing in front of the prison, waiting for Hester to exit. Hawthorne exhibits th e ideas of selfhood when one of the woman castigates to her friends â€Å"At the very least, they should have put the brand of a hot iron on Hester Prynne’s forehead. Madam Hester would have winced at that, I warrant me. But she, the baggage, little will she care what they put upon the bodice of her gown!† (49). Since the women outside the jail view Hester from a perceived moral high ground, they see Hester’s identity as the sinner, as observed when another one ofShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter Essay1234 Words   |  5 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne, in The Scarlet Letter, and Daniel Solove in his piece about â€Å"Shaming and the Digital Scarlet Letter† show that one who lives two lives with two dual personalities, purposefully or accidentally, can live the lie for only so long before he makes a mistake, becomes confused, and betrays his identity. The two lives that one leads most often have one persona used to conceal the other personality that society typically shuns, and he chooses to have these two personalities. He choosesRead MoreAnalysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter 1452 Words   |  6 PagesJunhee Chung A.P English Language August 20, 2015 Novel Analysis Assignment The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne Plot and Conflict The Crucible is a story that revolves around the Salem Witch Trials. The novel takes place in Salem Massachusetts in 1692. It starts off with the local pastor, Reverend Parris, catching a group of girls, one of them his daughter and one of them being his niece, practicing witchcraft in the woods. Abigail is the leader of the group of girls, and her motive forRead MoreAnalysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter 1606 Words   |  7 PagesMarin Fallon Mrs. Janosy English 2H 23 November 2015 Sin in the The Scarlet Letter The story of The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne is one with many twists and turns. A young woman moves to Boston, Massachusetts while her husband takes care of affairs in England. After two years pass she secretly has an affair with the Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale. When she becomes pregnant and gives birth to her daughter Pearl, the town punishes her for committing the act of adultery. She is sentenced to standRead MoreAnalysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter Essay1368 Words   |  6 PagesCharacters’ Name in The Scarlet Letter† (2015), suggests that Nathaniel Hawthorne uses symbolism to greatly enhance the importance of three of the main characters in his novel. Lei supports her suggestion by talking about the different ways in which each character’s name is symbolic, and how that directly correlates with their characteristics and their actions. Lei’s purpose is to elaborate on the depth of the main characters names in order to revea l to the reader how Hawthorne implicitly makes theRead MoreAnalysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter 1503 Words   |  7 PagesMartinez Mrs. Lee English 3H, Period 2 9 December 2015 Judgement Day American author, Nathaniel Hawthorne, felt guilty about the intolerance of his Puritan ancestors, one of whom judged at the Salem witch trials. He utilized his passionate sentiments regarding Puritanism as an inspiration for his iconic literary work, The Scarlet Letter; in which he does not embrace but rather critiques Puritan ideology. Because Hawthorne has fathomed the Puritan community, he favors to provide a more in depth understandingRead MoreAnalysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter 1217 Words   |  5 PagesBotts 1 McKenzie Botts Mrs. Eron English 2330, Section 02 November 10, 2014 A Sin is a Sin Nathaniel Hawthorne was a brilliant writer of the 19th century. Hawthorne created a novel that reflected the time period of the Puritans in New England. The Scarlet Letter contains a representation of the people during that time period but can also be related to the reader’s time period. Originally, God created the world with complete perfection until man fell, and sin entered the world. In the eyes of GodRead MoreAnalysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter 1128 Words   |  5 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne was an American novelist and short story writer.He was born in Masasschusetts in 1804 , whose father was a sea captain.He was descedant as a Puritan family known for their attacks on Quakers , Indians and ‘’witches ‘’.Therefore when he was 20 years old , he added a ‘’w’’ to his original name â€Å"†Hathorne’’ as a distance to his family past . Hawthorne ‘s characterists were described as a shy ,solitary ,idle student at school , who prefered reading as a lifestyle.He was graduatedRead MoreAnalysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter 1071 Words   |  5 PagesMrs. Jackson 16 December 2015 A Sinner Defined by The Scarlet Letter Society has not changed as far as labeling people and probably never will. In the Puritan society they branded, tortured, and defined human beings the way they saw them even though they did not know how the person they were humiliating truly was. Hester Prynne is a good example of this in the novel The Scarlet Letter written by the author Nathaniel Hawthorne. Hawthorne is using the character Hester in this novel to show how societyRead MoreAnalysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s Scarlet Letter 1392 Words   |  6 PagesAP Short Form â€Å"Scarlett Letter† AP English Language and Composition Title: Scarlet Letter Author and Date of Publication: Nathaniel Hawthorne, Publication in 1850 Significance of the Title: This book was titled The Scarlet Letter because the plot of the novel is centered around the question of who, besides Hetser is the other adulteress. Main Characters: Hester Prynne - The character of Hester is labeled as an adulteress, and is condemned to wear the scarlet letter for the rest of her daysRead MoreAnalysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter 1138 Words   |  5 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne, author of The Scarlet Letter, asserts that we must try to change situations if one feels like they can have control to do so. One should attempt to change conditions in the attempt to make life more joyful for themselves and if possible their community as well. It is the responsibility of an individual to make the world a better place to live for the future generations. The concept of making the best of every situation while spreading positive ideas accentuates the responsibilities

Cheating is Against The Rules - 1044 Words

I only have two hours to study for tomorrow’s math midterm due to the additional three essays and two presentations I have to turn in for my other classes. I have divided my available hours and for this exam, I could either study for two hours and not get a good grade, or break the rules by using the notes during the exam, therefore getting a guaranteed A. What should I do? Cheating is against the rules of all corporations, institutions, and life. It is not viewed as morally correct because as one cheats, one is taking the easy way out and disrespecting those who work hard for the same outcome, therefore breaking binding contract of respecting others around you. It is tempting though, as we know the outcome if we are not caught, and it†¦show more content†¦In this case, my decision-making would be reference to the results, which are getting a good grade, not doing much work the night before, and having more time to complete my other assignments. To this, I will be making my decisions out of inclination, and therefore in no way can cheating be created as a universal law, guiding it to be immoral. In the other hand, if I were to study for the exam, then Kant would agree that I would be acting out of responsibility, as he says, â€Å"responsibility must be based on the practical unconditioned necessity of an action. Thus it must hold true for all rational beings – since only for then can a categorical imperative apply. For this reason alone it can be a law for human will.† My actions of studying will be responsible, as I have worked for something that I don’t exactly know the outcome of. I do have the goal to achieve an A, but I do not have the assurance of getting it and therefore did not shape my action on a specific outcome. It could be held as true for all human though because if studying is stated as a universal, as it could be argued that it is, then there will be a purpose for the education institution to test students. Therefore, I would be following the instructions of a categorical imperative, as I would study to achieve my goal of getting a good grade in the exam. Kant also states that the motivation of my actions or myShow MoreRelatedDukes Mbas Cheating Scandal997 Words   |  4 PagesDuke s MBAs Cheating Scandal While students are overwhelmed with handbooks on plagiarism, school honor codes when they entering a university, cheatings are rampantly detected in university environment. Admittedly, plagiarism and cheating should be seriously punished. However, there do exist controversial cases where some assert that the cases are not considered cheatings, the others argue that they should be considered cheatings. An article named Duke MBAs Fail Ethics Test by Alison DamastRead MoreIt Is An Interesting Sight To See The Renouncing Of A Cheater.1317 Words   |  6 PagesIt is an interesting sight to see the renouncing of a cheater. Over the years, people catch students and professional athletes alike in the act of cheating. Forever, these students and athletes stand in disgrace and regret. According to Roger Alton in â€Å"A gold standard to cheating†, â€Å"the best cheats think outside the box† (1). Once, as Alton emphasizes, in the sport of fencing, â€Å"Boris Onischenko†¦ wired his epà ©e to trigger the electronic scoring with his hand and register a hit at will† (1). HoweverRead MoreEssay Cheating in Sports1397 Words   |  6 PagesCheating in Sports Sports are governed by sets of rules or customs and often, competition. Sports have always been a way to connect us to our past and to build optimism about the future. Sport’s a way to bond the people despite differences in race, age and gender. However, today the game that is supposed to teach character, discipline and team work is teaching cheating. And in today’s world, with fame, endorsement, drugs and so much to gain, it is not surprising that athletes are cheating inRead MoreWhat Makes A Good Person?933 Words   |  4 Pages The second reason for why adultery is ethically wrong is because it makes you a bad person. When confronted about cheating or considering cheating you would judge not by the consequences of it but by the morality of the act itself. You would be judged and questioned about your moral character. Moral character is the person you think you are and the person you’re aspired to be. This is the main element of virtue ethics. Virtue ethics focuses on specific qualities that make a good person. AlsoRead MorePersonal Ethics : An Ethical Person? Cheating On Taxes, Exams, Relationships948 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal Ethics: What does it mean to be an ethical person? Cheating on taxes, exams, relationships, etc., seems to be rampant. Is this a problem? Why or why not? 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These protections extend a student’s social media and to the digital contents of their cell phones. At the same time, public high schools have special characteristics associated with their duty to educate students and provide a safe and orderly place conducive to learning and so students accept greater restrictions of their constitutionalRead More Process Essay - How to Reduce Plagiarism and Cheating706 Words   |  3 PagesProcess Essay - How to Reduce Plagiarism and Cheating Recent studies have shown that a steadily growing number of students cheat or plagiarize in college -- and the data from high schools suggest that this number will continue to rise. A study by Don McCabe of Rutgers University showed that 74 percent of high school students admitted to one or more instances of serious cheating on tests. Even more disturbing is the way that many students define cheating and plagiarism. For example, they believeRead MoreShould Athletes Gain An Unfair Advantage By Using Performance Enhancing Drugs?935 Words   |  4 Pagesin whatever sport you may play. Athletes gain an unfair advantage by using PEDS. The use of PEDS is cheating because it violates constitutive rules of the activity. Cheating is wrong and one should be removed from the game if caught. This assumption is proven through a simple and straightforward argument. â€Å"Cheating is the deliberate, knowing, and voluntary violation of certain constitutive rules in order to gain a competitive advantage† (Athletes). The athlete is enhanced physically, but the value

Ridoran Manufactoring free essay sample

They hold an ISO 9000 certification which is an organization that establishes and measures quality control. In order to meet or exceed the level of quality required under ISO standards, Riordan Manufacturing will need to have knowledgeable and skilled employees within their organization. To attract premier candidates for their company, the compensation plan that is designed will need to be fair, rewarding, and competitive. This paper will outline the compensation plan for Riordan Manufacturing and include an evaluation of current trends and predict future trends, internal and external equity, a wage management process and retirement plan, financial influence on the plan’s options, and discuss the methods in which the plan will be communicated to members of the organization. Key Objectives According to Martocchio (2009), â€Å"Compensation professionals promote effective compensation systems by meeting three important goals: internal consistency, market competitiveness, and recognition of individual contributions† (Martocchio, 2009, p. 9). It is essential that these objectives are met to retain employees and make them feel valued and appreciated; all while functioning within the organizational budget. As Riordan Manufacturing considers themselves to be a leader within their industry, they understand that listening to the voice of their employees and remaining flexible regarding the compensation benefits offered worth together in alignment with their company mission. As â€Å"compensation systems are changing† (Martocchio, 2009, p. 23), Riordan Manufacturing will do well o consider plans offered by their competitors so that they will remain an industry leader. Trends and Issues An evaluation of current trends and issues in the company’s total compensation shows the company meeting goals in certain areas, but needs to improve in other areas. Riordan Manufacturing wants and â€Å"will maintain an innovative and team oriented working environment. By assuring that our employees are well informed and properly supported, we will provide a climate focused on the long-term viability of our company. Our Future must be focused in achieving and maintaining reasonable profitability to assure that the financial and human capital is available for sustained growth† (University of Phoenix,  2013, p. 1). The company’s current trends such as the flexible benefits program, salary administration program, and the CRM system is used to help meet the organizations vision and goals, and keep the employees interested and motivated. However, technology changes each day and in today’s business world it is important to keep the company’s IT system updated to meet the demands of the customers, and the day-to-day operations. Riordan has a system to track historical sales. In the past, most sales data was recorded using paper and pencil. In the last few years, the firm has managed the information electronically† (University of Phoenix,  2013, p. 1). In the future it is best the company does an update to improve the communication between the different sites, employ ees, monitor inventory, customer demands, and sales. The company should prepare to make some changes in its current infrastructure to sustain profitability and growth within the company. Internal and External equity Internal equity is based on the employees values and fairness, the values, and fairness of the pay relationships within the organization. The pay relationship within the organization has an affect on three compensation objectives. They affect the employee’s decisions to stay with the organization, to become more flexible by investing in additional training, or to seek greater responsibility (Milkovich, 2008, p. 64). The external equity is based on how the employee sees the companys pay structure and compensation system. What the employer pays, relative to what other employers will pay for the same type of work. The Riordan Manufacturing Company works toward a fair base system, attracting, and maintaining good workers when considering internal and external equity. Implementing job analysis, employee evaluations, work structure, pay ranges, and pay grades are ways the company endorse internal equity. Marketing surveys, supplying a competitive pay system, and salary surveys are used to implement external equity. This will allow the company to manage and implement a compensation structure that will add value and continue to make the organization successful. Wage Management and Rationale Riordan Manufacturing’s salary administration program was created â€Å"to achieve consistent pay practices, comply with federal and state laws, mirror our commitment to Equal Employment Opportunity, and offer competitive salaries within our labor market† (University of Phoenix,  2004,  p. 11). Employee compensation is based on several factors including but not limited to job analysis, evaluations, the duties and responsibilities of the job, and salary survey data on pay practices of other organizations in the same labor market to ensure Riordan’s compensation plan remains competitive (University of Phoenix,  2004). Merit-based pay adjustments may be offered for excellent employee performance. Riordan manufacturing’s salary administration program is review periodically and reconstructed when necessary (University of Phoenix,  2004). A retirement plan and how participation will be driven Riordan Manufacturing wants to make sure their employees participate in the company’s retirement plan. We will offer 401(k), Pension Plan and Profit Sharing plan. We feel that the futures of our employees are important. The way the Riordan will drive participation is by communicating clearing, emphasizing the benefits of plan participation, and to be creative. Communication is very important, using poorly or confusing materials do little to encourage plan participation. Some points to remember when communicating the plan information is to use examples that employees can relate to, keep communication brief and, use graphics like charts. Also making sure that we highlight key points will drive participation. Being creative is always a great way to encourage employees. An example would be to hold contest to promote participation. How will it be communicated? Want to promote retirement plan participation, so we want to make sure that the plan is communicated the best way possible. Since everyone works at different shits there will be different times that are available for the employees to sign up for. The discussion of the retirement plan will be in a classroom setting with a representative to explain the retirement plans that Riordan Manufacturing will offer. In these classes there will be handouts with information explaining the plan in detail and also a shorter version that will highlight the key points of the plan. In this setting this will promote participation because someone will be there to help with any questions that the employees may have and also help with the initial sign-up of the plans offered. Conclusion: Riordan Manufacturing’s goal is to maintain an innovative and team oriented working environment. By assuring that all employees are well informed and properly supported. Riordan Manufacturing considers themselves to be a leader within their industry, they understand that listening to the voice of their employees and remaining flexible regarding the compensation benefits offered worth together in alignment with their company mission. The company meets goals in certain areas, but needs to improve in other areas, and the current trends of the company such as the flexible benefits program, salary administration program, and the CRM system is used to help meet the organizations vision and goals, and keep the employees interested and motivated. However; the company should prepare to make some changes in its current infrastructure to sustain profitability and growth. In Riordan Manufacturing; the Employee’s compensation is based on several factors including but not limited to job analysis, evaluations, the duties and responsibilities of the job, as well as the salary survey data on pay practices of other organizations in the same labor market, to ensure Riordan’s compensation plan remains competitive. References Martocchio, J. J. (2009).

The HIV AIDS Virus Essay Example For Students

The HIV AIDS Virus Essay Citations AIDS.org news, treatment information, and other resources. www.aids.org/ HIV and AIDS Activities information from the FDA Office of Special Health Issues. We will write a custom essay on The HIV AIDS Virus specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now www.fda.gov/oashi/aids/hiv.html Specialized Information Services Home Page US National Library Library of Medicine (NLM) is responsible for information resources and services in toxicology, environmental health, chemistry, HIV/AIDS, and specialized www.sis.nlm.nih.gov CDC-NCHSTP-Divisions of HIV/AIDS Prevention (DHAP) Home Page .. . CDC Divisions of HIV / AIDS Prevention Home Page; logo: HIV / AIDS Prevention National Center for HIV, STD and TB Prevention Divisions of HIV/AIDS Prevention. www. cdc.gov/hiv/dhap.htm AIDSinfo federally approved information on AIDS research, clinical trials, and treatment from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Created by merging the AIDS Clinical Trials Information Service (ACTIS) and the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS). www.hivatis.org/ HIV InSite comprehensive and reliable information on HIV/AIDS treatment, policy, research, epidemiology, and prevention from the University of California, San Francisco. hivinsite.ucsf.edu/ HIV AIDS Virus AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome was first reported in the United States in 1981 and has since become a major worldwide epidemic. AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). By killing or damaging cells of the bodys immune system, HIV progressively destroys the bodys ability to fight infections and certain cancers. People diagnosed with AIDS may get life-threatening diseases called opportunistic infections, which are caused by microbes such as viruses or bacteria that usually do not make healthy people sick. More than 790,000 cases of AIDS have been reported in the United States since 1981, and as many as 900,000 Americans may be infected with HIV. This epidemic is growing more rapidly among minority populations and is a leading killer of African-American males ages 25 to 44. According to the U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), AIDS affects nearly seven times more African Americans and three times more Hispanics than whites. Transmission of HIV Having unprotected sex with an infected partner most commonly spreads HIV. The virus can enter the body through the lining of the vagina, vulva, penis, or mouth during sex. HIV also is spread through contact with infected blood. Before donated blood was screened for evidence of HIV infection and before heat-treating techniques to destroy HIV in blood products were introduced. HIV was transmitted through transfusions having the contaminated blood or blood components. Today, because of blood screening and heat treatment, the risk of getting HIV from such transfusions is extremely small. HIV frequently is spread among injection drug users by the sharing of needles or syringes contaminated with very small quantities of blood from someone infected with the virus. It is rare, however, for a patient to give HIV to a health care worker or vice-versa by accidental sticks with contaminated needles or other medical instruments. Although researchers have found HIV in the saliva of infected people, there is no evidence that the virus is spread by contact with saliva. Laboratory studies reveal that saliva has natural properties that limit the power of HIV to infect. Research studies of people infected with HIV have found no evidence that the virus is spread to others through saliva by kissing. No one knows, however, whether so-called deep kissing, involving the exchange of large amounts of saliva or oral intercourse increase the risk of infection. Scientists also have found no evidence that HIV is spread through sweat, tears, urine, or feces. Studies of families of HIV-infected people have shown clearly that HIV is not spread through casual contact such as the sharing of food utensils, towels and bedding, swimming pools, telephones, or toilet seats. Biting insects such as mosquitoes or bedbugs does not spread HIV. HIV can infect anyone who practices risky behaviors such as #61623; Sharing drug needles or syringes #61623; Having sexual contact with an infected person without using a condom #61623; Having sexual contact with someone whose HIV status is unknown Having a sexually transmitted disease such as syphilis, genital herpes, chlamydial infection, gonorrhea, or bacterial vaginosis appears to make people more susceptible to getting HIV infection during sex with infected partners. .uc61f005c8c5f443c394420073a6b2256 , .uc61f005c8c5f443c394420073a6b2256 .postImageUrl , .uc61f005c8c5f443c394420073a6b2256 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc61f005c8c5f443c394420073a6b2256 , .uc61f005c8c5f443c394420073a6b2256:hover , .uc61f005c8c5f443c394420073a6b2256:visited , .uc61f005c8c5f443c394420073a6b2256:active { border:0!important; } .uc61f005c8c5f443c394420073a6b2256 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc61f005c8c5f443c394420073a6b2256 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc61f005c8c5f443c394420073a6b2256:active , .uc61f005c8c5f443c394420073a6b2256:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc61f005c8c5f443c394420073a6b2256 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc61f005c8c5f443c394420073a6b2256 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc61f005c8c5f443c394420073a6b2256 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc61f005c8c5f443c394420073a6b2256 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc61f005c8c5f443c394420073a6b2256:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc61f005c8c5f443c394420073a6b2256 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc61f005c8c5f443c394420073a6b2256 .uc61f005c8c5f443c394420073a6b2256-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc61f005c8c5f443c394420073a6b2256:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Little Miss Sunshine analysis Essay What are the early symptoms of HIV infection? Many people do not have any symptoms when they first become infected with HIV. Some people, . The HIV AIDS Virus Essay Example For Students The HIV AIDS Virus Essay Citations AIDS.org news, treatment information, and other resources. www.aids.org/ HIV and AIDS Activities information from the FDA Office of Special Health Issues. We will write a custom essay on The HIV AIDS Virus specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now www.fda.gov/oashi/aids/hiv.html Specialized Information Services Home Page US National Library Library of Medicine (NLM) is responsible for information resources and services in toxicology, environmental health, chemistry, HIV/AIDS, and specialized www.sis.nlm.nih.gov CDC-NCHSTP-Divisions of HIV/AIDS Prevention (DHAP) Home Page .. . CDC Divisions of HIV / AIDS Prevention Home Page; logo: HIV / AIDS Prevention National Center for HIV, STD and TB Prevention Divisions of HIV/AIDS Prevention. www. cdc.gov/hiv/dhap.htm AIDSinfo federally approved information on AIDS research, clinical trials, and treatment from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Created by merging the AIDS Clinical Trials Information Service (ACTIS) and the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS). www.hivatis.org/ HIV InSite comprehensive and reliable information on HIV/AIDS treatment, policy, research, epidemiology, and prevention from the University of California, San Francisco. hivinsite.ucsf.edu/ HIV AIDS Virus AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome was first reported in the United States in 1981 and has since become a major worldwide epidemic. AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). By killing or damaging cells of the bodys immune system, HIV progressively destroys the bodys ability to fight infections and certain cancers. People diagnosed with AIDS may get life-threatening diseases called opportunistic infections, which are caused by microbes such as viruses or bacteria that usually do not make healthy people sick. More than 790,000 cases of AIDS have been reported in the United States since 1981, and as many as 900,000 Americans may be infected with HIV. This epidemic is growing more rapidly among minority populations and is a leading killer of African-American males ages 25 to 44. According to the U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), AIDS affects nearly seven times more African Americans and three times more Hispanics than whites. Transmission of HIV Having unprotected sex with an infected partner most commonly spreads HIV. The virus can enter the body through the lining of the vagina, vulva, penis, or mouth during sex. HIV also is spread through contact with infected blood. Before donated blood was screened for evidence of HIV infection and before heat-treating techniques to destroy HIV in blood products were introduced. HIV was transmitted through transfusions having the contaminated blood or blood components. Today, because of blood screening and heat treatment, the risk of getting HIV from such transfusions is extremely small. HIV frequently is spread among injection drug users by the sharing of needles or syringes contaminated with very small quantities of blood from someone infected with the virus. It is rare, however, for a patient to give HIV to a health care worker or vice-versa by accidental sticks with contaminated needles or other medical instruments. Although researchers have found HIV in the saliva of infected people, there is no evidence that the virus is spread by contact with saliva. Laboratory studies reveal that saliva has natural properties that limit the power of HIV to infect. Research studies of people infected with HIV have found no evidence that the virus is spread to others through saliva by kissing. No one knows, however, whether so-called deep kissing, involving the exchange of large amounts of saliva or oral intercourse increase the risk of infection. Scientists also have found no evidence that HIV is spread through sweat, tears, urine, or feces. Studies of families of HIV-infected people have shown clearly that HIV is not spread through casual contact such as the sharing of food utensils, towels and bedding, swimming pools, telephones, or toilet seats. Biting insects such as mosquitoes or bedbugs does not spread HIV. HIV can infect anyone who practices risky behaviors such as Sharing drug needles or syringes Having sexual contact with an infected person without using a condom Having sexual contact with someone whose HIV status is unknown Having a sexually transmitted disease such as syphilis, genital herpes, chlamydial infection, gonorrhea, or bacterial vaginosis appears to make people more susceptible to getting HIV infection during sex with infected partners. .uc665d0f6e8bd20b7734e0380e5885d27 , .uc665d0f6e8bd20b7734e0380e5885d27 .postImageUrl , .uc665d0f6e8bd20b7734e0380e5885d27 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc665d0f6e8bd20b7734e0380e5885d27 , .uc665d0f6e8bd20b7734e0380e5885d27:hover , .uc665d0f6e8bd20b7734e0380e5885d27:visited , .uc665d0f6e8bd20b7734e0380e5885d27:active { border:0!important; } .uc665d0f6e8bd20b7734e0380e5885d27 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc665d0f6e8bd20b7734e0380e5885d27 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc665d0f6e8bd20b7734e0380e5885d27:active , .uc665d0f6e8bd20b7734e0380e5885d27:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc665d0f6e8bd20b7734e0380e5885d27 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc665d0f6e8bd20b7734e0380e5885d27 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc665d0f6e8bd20b7734e0380e5885d27 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc665d0f6e8bd20b7734e0380e5885d27 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc665d0f6e8bd20b7734e0380e5885d27:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc665d0f6e8bd20b7734e0380e5885d27 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc665d0f6e8bd20b7734e0380e5885d27 .uc665d0f6e8bd20b7734e0380e5885d27-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc665d0f6e8bd20b7734e0380e5885d27:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: William Bradford Analysis Essay What are the early symptoms of HIV infection? Many people do not have any symptoms when they first become infected with HIV. Some .

o Trial w biblio essays

Irony between Band of Brothers&Prisoners w/o Trial w biblio essays Nowadays almost all constitutions and other documents regulating law in different countries speak first of all about human rights and state the rights of a person above everything. The leader and one of the first countries to state and protect human rights was the USA, of course. Its army and leaders always declared that they are protecting human rights all over the world. But isn't it really ironical that this country, while struggling for observance of human rights of ethnical minorities and other oppressed people in Europe was turning to hell life of Japanese Americans living in its territory? Let's analyze this situation that occurred during the World War II on the basis of two sources: "Prisoners without Trial" by Roger Daniels and "Band of Brothers" by Stephan Ambrose. "Band of Brothers" offers us a very informative and at the same time very touching story about American young people participating in World War II, about their daily life, how they learned to survive, to support each other and about other aspects of wartime. The author shows us life of 506 regiment of 101 airborne unit of USA army before and after the invasion into Channel Islands. The impact of the work is increased by the stories of witnesses, detailed historical facts and letters to motherland of soldiers. The film with the same name, which was made on the basis of the book is also reviewed by critics as excellent and historically correct creation. The film is rather closely following the plot of the book and reveals the story of the heroic so-called "Easy campaign". The author was not trying to glamorize war, and exaggerate the role of American soldiers in it, but he succeeded in showing people's life in difficult period and how they managed to get through it. The young men were fighting for freedom and liberation of Europe and their efforts after all were rewarded - by the victory over Hitler and liberati...

Cobalt Facts and Physical Properties

Cobalt Facts and Physical Properties Atomic Number: 27 Symbol: Co Atomic Weight: 58.9332 Discovery: George Brandt, circa 1735, maybe 1739 (Sweden) Electron Configuration: [Ar] 4s2 3d7 Word Origin: German Kobald: evil spirit or goblin; Greek cobalos: mine Isotopes: Twenty-six isotopes of cobalt ranging from Co-50 to Co-75. Co-59 is the only stable isotope. Properties Cobalt has a melting point of 1495Â °C, boiling point of 2870Â °C, specific gravity of 8.9 (20Â °C), with a valence of 2 or 3. Cobalt is a hard, brittle metal. It is similar in appearance to iron and nickel. Cobalt has a magnetic permeability around 2/3 that of iron. Cobalt is found as a mixture of two allotropes over a wide temperature range. The b-form is dominant at temperatures under 400Â °C, while the a-form predominates at higher temperatures. Uses Cobalt forms many useful alloys. It is alloyed with iron, nickel, and other metals to form Alnico, an alloy with exceptional magnetic strength. Cobalt, chromium, and tungsten may be alloyed to form Stellite, which is used for high-temperature, high-speed cutting tools and dies. Cobalt is used in magnet steels and stainless steels. It is used in electroplating because of its hardness and resistance to oxidation. Cobalt salts are used to impart permanent brilliant blue colors to glass, pottery, enamels, tiles, and porcelain. Cobalt is used to make Sevres and Thenards blue. A cobalt chloride solution is used to make a sympathetic ink. Cobalt is essential for nutrition in many animals. Cobalt-60 is an important gamma source, tracer, and radiotherapeutic agent. Sources: Cobalt is found in the minerals cobaltite, erythrite, and smaltite. It is commonly associated with ores of iron, nickel, silver, lead, and copper. Cobalt is also found in meteorites. Element Classification: Transition Metal Cobalt Physical Data Density (g/cc): 8.9 Melting Point (K): 1768 Boiling Point (K): 3143 Appearance: Hard, ductile, lustrous bluish-gray metal Atomic Radius (pm): 125 Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 6.7 Covalent Radius (pm): 116 Ionic Radius: 63 (3e) 72 (2e) Specific Heat (20Â °C J/g mol): 0.456 Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): 15.48 Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 389.1 Debye Temperature (K): 385.00 Pauling Negativity Number: 1.88 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 758.1 Oxidation States: 3, 2, 0, -1 Lattice Structure: Hexagonal Lattice Constant (Ã…): 2.510 CAS Registry Number: 7440-48-4 Cobalt Trivia Cobalt derived its name from German miners. They named cobalt ore after mischievous spirits called kobalds. Cobalt ores commonly contain the useful metals copper and nickel. The problem with cobalt ore is it usually contains arsenic as well. Attempts to smelt the copper and nickel typically failed and would often produce toxic arsenic oxide gases.The brilliant blue color cobalt gives to glass was originally attributed to bismuth. Bismuth is often found with cobalt. Cobalt was isolated by Swedish chemist, Georg Brandt who proved the coloring was due to cobalt.The isotope Co-60 is a strong gamma radiation source. It is used to sterilize food and medical supplies as well as radiation therapy in the treatment of cancer.Cobalt is a central atom in vitamin B-12.Cobalt is ferromagnetic. Cobalt magnets stay magnetic to the highest temperature of any other magnetic element.Cobalt has six oxidation states: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. The most common oxidation states are 2 and 3.The oldest cobalt col ored glass was found in Egypt dated between 1550-1292 B.C. Cobalt has an abundance of 25 mg/kg (or parts per million) in the Earths crust.Cobalt has an abundance of 2 x 10-5 mg/L in sea water.Cobalt is used in alloys to increase temperature stability and decrease corrosion. References: Los Alamos National Laboratory (2001), Crescent Chemical Company (2001), Langes Handbook of Chemistry (1952), CRC Handbook of Chemistry Physics (18th Ed.) International Atomic Energy Agency ENSDF database (Oct 2010) Return to the Periodic Table

Mental Illness and Suicide in Juvenile Detention Facilities Research Paper

Mental Illness and Suicide in Juvenile Detention Facilities - Research Paper Example Department of Justice, 2009). A study conducted in California revealed that close to 32 percent of detained male juveniles had post-traumatic stress disorder (Hayes, 2009). The study also found that these youths experienced high levels of distress, depression and anxiety while exhibiting lower degrees of impulse control, restraint, and suppression of aggression (Hayes, 2009). Another study conducted in Mississippi established that at least 66 percent of detained juveniles had mental disorders, with more than half suffering from multiple mental disorders such as substance abuse and conduct disorders (Hayes, 2009). Through the study, Hayes (2009) noticed that 60 percent of the youths detained in juvenile correction centers in Virginia had mental health treatment needs. This situation was similar in Georgia where it was reported that about 61 percent of the juveniles in correction centers had mental problems (Samaha, 2005). The following are the statistics related to the disorders that U.S. youths in juvenile detention facilities experience. Between 50% and 90 % experience conduct disorders, 46 % attention disorders, 6-41 % anxiety disorders, 25-50 % substance abuse, 32-78 % affective disorder, 1-6 % psychotic disorders, and 50 % co-occurring mental disorder and substance abuse disorders. These statistics show that the juveniles exhibit signs of conduct disorder. This disorder is characterized by aggressive physical conduct aimed at injuring others and non-aggressive conducts aimed at causing damage to properties, theft, violation of rules and deceit (Hayes, 2009). Hayes (2009) also notes that Juveniles in detention show high rates of physical, sexual and emotional abuse than their counterparts in the community. According to a past study, Juveniles in Maryland were associated with high rates of physical violence which stood at 35 percent, and sexual abuse at 18 percent (Hays, 2009). Hayes (2009) asserts that

Critical thinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 10

Critical thinking - Essay Example There is also the job which can pay a little of the tuition fees even if not all. This will therefore leave only a little of the fee balance left to clear. The next step is to identify alternative sources of fee and this is also the second step in the PDCA system. Some of the potential sources of fee include bursaries offered by government and organizations (governmental or non-governmental). There are also individual persons’ bursaries, charities and grants specializing in higher education funding as well as corporates programs. These usually offer part funding which is all that is needed to top up the money for school. Having established and identified that, the next step is on how to obtain the money from all these sources. This is the next step that involves testing of the plan mentioned. This will require a lot of form filling and searching for the best of the organizations which must be planned for in advance. Preparation and getting the facts and stating the truth is one of the preparation techniques. The reason for the situation happening cannot be dwelt on because economic times are hard and since there are more students that are needy, they all have to divide the money. If he is to pursue other alternatives of finding part time scholarships or a sponsor who can pay for the other half of the fee, then the solution will have been reached. Seeking another job is not an option as he will not be able to study at all and the main aim is to clear the degree and seek better paying job. The last in the problem solving technique is to act. The action will involve fully implementing the solution. After conducting research on the organizations, charities and even government, application or follow up interview are next. Honesty in these interviews on financial situation must be said if he is expected to woo these financiers even if it is one of

Life Span Development and Personality Essay Example for Free

Life Span Development and Personality Essay Today the topic of discussion will focus on the famous Sigmund Freud and his viewpoints on developmental psychology. This discussion seeks to answer four questions about Sigmund Freud’s life. The first topic is Sigmund Fraud’s influences and environment in psychological development. Second the discussion seeks to reveal Sigmund Freud’s view of family issues or support systems that influenced Freud’s developmental growth and adjustment. Third the discussion seeks to explain two different theories of personality. The discussion seeks to explain how each theory differs in terms of the explanation of Freud’s unique pattern and traits. The fourth and final topic of discussion seeks to explain the theatrical approach that explains both Freud’s behaviors and achievements. The reason this paper chose to write about famous Sigmund Freud explained. Sigmund Freud was born in 1856 and died in 1940. Freud studied the personality of humans. Freud describes three major systems of the human personality. Sigmund Freud’s structural model is as follows: 1. the id holds the human sexual and aggression energy driven by impulses and characterized by a human’s primary thinking (Kowalski Westen, 2011). 2. The superego explains a human’s conscience and a major source of ideas established through a person’s identity (Kowalski Westen, 2011). 3. The ego describes a person’s desires, morality, and desires (Kowalski Westen, 2011). Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual development suggest in the first five years the human personality begins. Zero to one is the oral stage of development. Children f rom zero to one gain the most gratification from sucking than from biting and chewing food and sometimes other objects. In stage one through three describes the anal stage. During the anal stage children seem to gain gratification from defecation through the anus. The conflict begins when children begin potty training. Some children hold back feces causing him or her to become constipated. Generalized by some children’s behavior and the way he or she does, for example, cleanliness, stinginess, or stubbornness. On the other hand some children may have accidents in his or her pants. This may relate to expulsive personality, for example, disorderly conduct, messiness, and throwing fits. The final stage of three to five referred to as the phallic stage (Maitland, 2011). In this stage the genital area becomes a sense of pleasure. This causes the superego to begin and guards against incest and aggression. Children also can feel a sense of inferiority in this stage. Freud suggests mental disorders may come from an individual’s history and not just an individual’s physical impairments. Freud developed a new way to analyze human behavior. Freud’s view explained mental energy comes from the body. Freud believed all humans can only obtain a limited amount of mental energy. Freud believed human behavior was from causation. Freud also believed tension-reduction consist of a human goal for behavior. Freud claims humans consist of two human impulses for example, sexual impulses, and libido. Sexual impulses consist of life affirming impulses. Libido consists of energy source impulses. Needs consist of basic life impulse, aggression consists of death encouraging impulses, and aggressive impulses consist of an energy source for aggressive impulses. When a human impulse grows the more likelihood the human will react on impulses to reduce the need he or she feels to do so. Life affirming libido consists of activities, people objects, or goals. Cathexis consists of the process of investing libidinal energy. When an individual uses excessive cathexis this may lead to neurosis, however, neurosis is treatable. Treatment for neurosis often referred to catharsis or in other words a talking therapy. Sigmund Freud believed mental processes were unconscious. Sigmund Freud believed the conscious contains an individual’s specific information that a person’s paying attention at any given time. Freud believed the preconscious contains information or clues most individuals do not pay attention to unless recalled by a specific situation. Sigmund Freud believed the unconscious contains an individual’s desires, feelings, and thoughts held without an individual’s knowledge. However, these desires, feelings, and thoughts affect an individual’s everyday life. Freud believed the information in an individual’s unconscious emerges by ac cident, such as joke telling, dreams, symptoms of illness, and the associations between individual’s ideas. Sometimes the anger in a person’s unconscious comes out by mistake Understanding Psychology (nd). Another theory of Sigmund Freud contains the three components of personality, for example, id, superego and ego. Freud claimed the three components appear always in conflict with each other, according Freud the conflicts usually appear sexual or aggressive and most violate the societal rules. From a personal standpoint Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalyst theory the way an individual’s personality develops during ages zero to five. However, from a personal standpoint an individual’s personality develops throughout his or her life. For example children’s development goes through the age of 18. Some children take longer to develop than others. Even in adulthood an individual’s experiences and environment may change a person’s personality. Many individual live and are raised in bad environment’s that would affect his or her personality. On the other hand many people are also raised in a good environment that also affects his or her personality i n a positive and occasionally negative manner. In both scenarios an individual’s actions and behavior may affect his or her personalities throughout life. This paper was chosen on Sigmund Freud because he was a very intriguing and an expert in psychological research. In conclusion, this paper revealed the famous research in psychological research by Sigmund Freud. The paper revealed the three components of personality, according to Sigmund Freud. The three components of personality according to Sigmund Freud are id, superego, and ego. Sigmund Freud suggests that most human behavior develops during the age of zero to five. This paper revealed the Sigmund Freud’s view human personality and the unconscious mind of a human. Freud also suggests that many disorders may come from an individual’s history and not just an individual’s physical impairments. Freud suggests most disorders deal with sexual disorders or an individual’s aggressive behavior. Freud also suggests humans act on his or her impulses. Some people may act on bad impulses that may lead to terrible outcomes and consequences for his or her actions. Sigmund Freud was greatly scrutinized for his psychological research. Sigmund Freud was chosen for this paper because his research was very intriguing research in human personality and human behavior. Reference: Kowalski, R., and Westen, D. (2011). Psychology (6th ed.).Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Retrieved from University of Phoenix eBook Col Maitland, L., L. (2011). Personality Theories and Approaches for AP Psychology Retrieved from http://www. education.com Understanding Psychology (nd). Chapter 14 Theories of Personality Retrieved from http://www.glencoe.com

William Faulkner Essay -- essays research papers

William Faulkner   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although leading the life of an educated writer William Culbert Faulkner experienced the times of his life as a Hollywood writer. Probably known as the most famous writer/author of his time Faulkner adapted to his new lifestyles rapidly, and still remained well known in both the movie and book industries.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Faulkner was born September 25, 1897 in New Albany, Mississippi. His named was inherited from his grandfather William Clark Faulkner, a skilled businessman and writer. After relocation to Oxford, Mississippi Faulkner’s father started the First National Bank (â€Å"William Faulkner #3†). As a child in Oxford, William held a very artistic ideal of life, often drawing and writing poetry in school. Faulkner also met his mentor, Phil Stone and his sweetheart, Estelle Oldham in Oxford. Estelle later married a young man named Cornell Franklin in 1918 while still in her youth. Stone on the other hand read Faulkner’s work and instantly recognized his talent and gave him advice and models for study. He also invited Faulkner to stay with him in New Haven, where he worked in a New Haven Arms Company. Faulkner was later invited to be a cadet in the Royal Air Force in Canada. On his application papers Faulkner lied about many things to appear British.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Faulkner never served in the war and never finished training. Although his record showed a lack of military experience Faulkner still exaggerated stories of war on his return home. In 1919, Faulkner quit his brief life of a veteran to enroll in the University of Mississippi. During his time at the University, Faulkner wrote for many local magazines and papers along with the school yearbook and newspaper. Among his many other college accomplishments, before he dropped out in 1920, was the founding of the University drama club ‘The Marionettes’ (â€Å"William Faulkner #2†).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For about a year Faulkner wrote for the Mississippian and worked several odd jobs until finally he was recommended a job by Stark Young. The job was as a bookstore assistant in New York City (Walsh). In 1924 many of Faulkner’s poetic works were published in a book entitled The Marble Faun.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With his poetry book now published Faulkner moved to New Orleans and fell into a literary group that revolved ... ...and 1962 Faulkner revised his current works and finished his trilogy on the Snopes family. Sadly after a tragic horse accident William Culbert Faulkner died at the exact time of his great-grandfather’s birthday.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion, to the many details of Faulkner’s life I can agree that he was probably one of the most versatile writers of his time, as well as, one the most well represented through his works. Stories like Faulkner’s are timeless pieces due to their ability to still be relevant even though the story in point may be up to 4 times a reader’s age. Work Cited â€Å"Faulkner, William† Three Famous Short Stories. Chicago: Vintage Books, 1961 â€Å"Faulkner, William Culbert† Contemporary Authors. Vol. 33. Detroit: Gale, 1991. Latil, Nathan, ed. University Wire Walsh, William, ed. Library Journal â€Å"William Culbert Faulkner† Short Story Criticisms. Vol. 1. Detroit: Gale, 1988. â€Å"William Faulkner #1† American Writers. Vol. 2. Minnesota: University of Minnesota, 1974. â€Å"William Faulkner #2† Authors & Artists For Young Adults. Vol. 7. Detroit: 1991. â€Å"William Faulkner #3† MaGill’s Survey of American Literature. Vol. 2. New York: Cavendish,1991. William Faulkner Essay -- essays research papers William Faulkner   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although leading the life of an educated writer William Culbert Faulkner experienced the times of his life as a Hollywood writer. Probably known as the most famous writer/author of his time Faulkner adapted to his new lifestyles rapidly, and still remained well known in both the movie and book industries.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Faulkner was born September 25, 1897 in New Albany, Mississippi. His named was inherited from his grandfather William Clark Faulkner, a skilled businessman and writer. After relocation to Oxford, Mississippi Faulkner’s father started the First National Bank (â€Å"William Faulkner #3†). As a child in Oxford, William held a very artistic ideal of life, often drawing and writing poetry in school. Faulkner also met his mentor, Phil Stone and his sweetheart, Estelle Oldham in Oxford. Estelle later married a young man named Cornell Franklin in 1918 while still in her youth. Stone on the other hand read Faulkner’s work and instantly recognized his talent and gave him advice and models for study. He also invited Faulkner to stay with him in New Haven, where he worked in a New Haven Arms Company. Faulkner was later invited to be a cadet in the Royal Air Force in Canada. On his application papers Faulkner lied about many things to appear British.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Faulkner never served in the war and never finished training. Although his record showed a lack of military experience Faulkner still exaggerated stories of war on his return home. In 1919, Faulkner quit his brief life of a veteran to enroll in the University of Mississippi. During his time at the University, Faulkner wrote for many local magazines and papers along with the school yearbook and newspaper. Among his many other college accomplishments, before he dropped out in 1920, was the founding of the University drama club ‘The Marionettes’ (â€Å"William Faulkner #2†).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For about a year Faulkner wrote for the Mississippian and worked several odd jobs until finally he was recommended a job by Stark Young. The job was as a bookstore assistant in New York City (Walsh). In 1924 many of Faulkner’s poetic works were published in a book entitled The Marble Faun.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With his poetry book now published Faulkner moved to New Orleans and fell into a literary group that revolved ... ...and 1962 Faulkner revised his current works and finished his trilogy on the Snopes family. Sadly after a tragic horse accident William Culbert Faulkner died at the exact time of his great-grandfather’s birthday.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion, to the many details of Faulkner’s life I can agree that he was probably one of the most versatile writers of his time, as well as, one the most well represented through his works. Stories like Faulkner’s are timeless pieces due to their ability to still be relevant even though the story in point may be up to 4 times a reader’s age. Work Cited â€Å"Faulkner, William† Three Famous Short Stories. Chicago: Vintage Books, 1961 â€Å"Faulkner, William Culbert† Contemporary Authors. Vol. 33. Detroit: Gale, 1991. Latil, Nathan, ed. University Wire Walsh, William, ed. Library Journal â€Å"William Culbert Faulkner† Short Story Criticisms. Vol. 1. Detroit: Gale, 1988. â€Å"William Faulkner #1† American Writers. Vol. 2. Minnesota: University of Minnesota, 1974. â€Å"William Faulkner #2† Authors & Artists For Young Adults. Vol. 7. Detroit: 1991. â€Å"William Faulkner #3† MaGill’s Survey of American Literature. Vol. 2. New York: Cavendish,1991.

Online Piracy

March 11, 2012 Twitter, Facebook, Google, Wikipedia and many other sites are some of the most common ways people communicate and use as a leg for viral services. Two laws that are being placed into effect will serve as a hinder to users of the internet and also to many of the websites. If they were to be censored or â€Å"taken away† people would be left dangling wondering what next. I will inform my audience about the laws (SOPA AND PIPA), how it will censor sites, which sites may be affected, what sites did to prevent it, and when were they introduced.Also how censorship may cause some sites to shut down completely. The two laws will cause them to lose their viral services, no longer being able to inform users with information. SOPA (stop online piracy) and PIPA (Protect IP Act) are two acts that are going to be used to censor the internet and sites affiliated with it. SOPA is a United States bill introduced to expand the ability of U. S law enforcement to fight online traff icking in copyrighted property and counterfeit goods as stated on local website Wikipedia.According to Wikipedia PIPA is a proposed law with the stated goal of giving the US government and copyright holders’ additional tools to curb access to â€Å"rogue websites dedicated to infringing or counterfeit goods†. These are both acts that are going to serve as a blockage to the internet. SOPA was first introduced on October 26, 2011 and PIPA introduced May 12, 2011 according to Jamal a local writer. Although they were both introduced recently they are both put on hold due to sites petitioning and finding ways to fight against the two.Sites that would be affected by the two acts were sites like Wikipedia, Google, and many other sites that may provide things like music downloads and other information. To fight against the acts some sites went as far as taking online petitions like having there users go as far signing their email addresses and states to help take a stance. Sit es also put a black bar against their logos to show dedication. When asked in a survey that I took â€Å"do you think that the internet should be censored? † 16 out of 20 students said that it shouldn’t the other 4 were undecided.This one question showed just how much students rely on the internet services because if the internet were to be censored they would have no usage of it. Internet sites will shut down due to them not abiding by the standards of the two acts. Sites that the law feel are using more media that is copyrighted and they don’t have permission will be terminated. Which because of this will of course wipe out a majority of the sites that we use. When asked in a survey â€Å"what social networks and websites do you use? And if they weren’t available what would you do? † I received answers like Google, Wikipedia, twitter, and Facebook.People also said that if they weren’t available for use they wouldn’t have a way to do work and maybe not a way to express themselves. Because this would cut into students work this would then become an academic problem which should make law makers think their decisions over. Throughout my paper I discussed what SOPA and PIPA are, what websites were affected and what they did to put a stop to it, and also just who it would affect. These two acts are not yet put into to effect but should be taken noticed to. If SOPA and PIPA were put into effect they may affect not only you but a whole nation.

Crime Scene Essay

In an organized step by step approach â€Å"Scene Documentation† is one of the stages in the proper processing of a crime scene. The final results of a properly documented crime scene are the ability of others to take the finished product to use in either reconstructing the scene or the chain of events in an incident and our court room presentation. In documenting the scene there are actually three functions or methods used to properly document the crime scene. Those methods consist of written notes which will ultimately be used in constructing a final report, crime scene photographs, and a diagram or sketch. Consistency between each of these functions is paramount. Each method is important in the process of properly documenting the crime scene. The notes and reports should be done in a chronological order and should include no opinions, no analysis, or any conclusions; just the facts. The crime scene investigator or evidence recovery technician should document what they see, not what they think. The final report should tell a descriptive and factual story. A general description of the crime scene should be given just as the investigator sees it when she does the initial walk through of the scene. Each department or agency has a method which they use will for written documentation of the crime scene. There investigator or technician should follow her departments assigned procedures for written documentation. The importance of sharing information can never be over-looked. This article is intended to share ideas in the area of uniform documentation as an example of the format that is used by my department. We use a narrative section of the report divided it into five categories. The categories are the summary, the scene including a detailed body description if in a death investigation, processing, and evidence collected, and the pending that may be collected at another date or time. The summary would to basically give the details of how he was initiated into the investigation. For an example: â€Å"At the request of Robbery Detective H. Granier, this writer was requested to respond to assist in processing the scene of an armed robbery involving 4 unknown masked subjects. Detective H. Granier’s preliminary investigation revealed that the subjects startled the victim as she returned home from shopping†. For further details of this investigation refer to Detective H. Granier. Our summary is brief and does not include a lot of the said information  (http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/unavailable/) The investigator in charge should obtain the following for the crime scene case file: 1. Initial responding officer documentation. 2. Emergency medical personnel documents. 3. Entry and exit documentation. 4. Photographs and any videos. 5. Crime scene sketches and diagrams. 6. Evidence documentation. 7. Other responders’ documentation. 8. Record of consent form or search warrant. 9. Criminal background check Reports such as forensic or technical reports should be added to this file when they become available. This will ensure that reports and other documentation pertaining to the crime scene investigation are compiled into a case file by the investigator in charge of the crime scene and allow for independent review of the work conducted. In the scene section of the narrative we should give a detailed description of the scene as it is seen when we approach the area. The scene description usually includes anything that is unusual and out of place. Any weather or environment conditions are also included. Again this is a description of what we see, not what we think. The evidence that should observe is: its location, the condition, or anything about the item will be included in our scene description section. This would also correspond to any identification markers used to number or label the items of evidence. These remarks would all be consistent with any numbers, letters, or labels indicated in the photographs, or drawn into a sketch of the scene (http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/unavailable/). The processing section is for our units to describe what we did, if assistance was needed during the processing stages, who we had assisting, and what functions they did. The evidence collection section is to organize what evidence we and others assisting were able to recover from the crime scene, where the items were recovered from, and what part of the lab the items were  directed to for analysis. Criminal History A Criminal History Summary often referred to as a criminal history record or a â€Å"rap sheet† is a listing of certain information taken from fingerprint submissions retained by the FBI in connection with arrests and, in some instances, federal employment, naturalization, or military service. If no Criminal History Summary on file, the investigator will receive a response indicating that the person has no prior arrest data on file. If the person does have a criminal history Summary on file, you will receive your summary†. Pending Section The pending section would be for any known tasks that would need to be completed at a later date or time in the investigation. What is turned in to the Department? 1. A written report 2. Crime scene photographs 3. Crime scene sketch Crime Scene Example Final Report: Initial Information: Victim Name: Incident Address: Incident Date: Incident Time: Offense Report Date: Victim Information: Victim Name: Victim Address: Height: Weight: Eye Color: Hair Color: Scars: Tattoos: Other: NCIC #: Medical Examiner/Medical Summary: Medical Examiner/Agency: Injuries: Cause of Death: Manner of Death: Crime Scene Summary: Write a narrative about the crime scene. This is a summary of what you observed at the scene. You do not make hypothesis or draw conclusions. Evidence Log Summary: Evidence Number: Description Note: Attach Completed Evidence Collection Log to the end of this report. Image Inventory: Image Number Description Conclusions: Draw conclusions based on the evidence gathered. Be as complete as possible. Note: This list is limited to crime scene documentation. This should not be considered a comprehensive list of the documents involved in an investigative case file In conclusion, the final results of a properly documented crime scene are the ability of others to take the finished product to use in either reconstructing the scene or the chain of events in an incident and our court room presentation.

In chapter two I read a lot about different experi Essays

In chapter two I read a lot about different experi Essays In chapter two I read a lot about different experiments and tests performed on people. As I was reading through those things it made me think of the movie," The Experiment," who is also who made," Prison Break." In the movie, there is an experiment being performed on a group of men, who are all different. The men are people who volunteered to be a participant in the experiment for a payment of $14,000. I believe the scientists in the movie wanted to show that everyone have a breaking point and if there is no Justice System, things will get out of control. The purpose of the experiment was to see how people can handle having no justice system before they reach their breaking points. The scientists debriefed the men before they agreed to be participants in the experiment. Then they surveyed each participant for a better understanding of everyone. The experiment took part in an abandoned prison where they made majority of the participant's prisoners, and the other group the guards. Thro ughout the movie is the testing part of the scientific method that is being shown and the conclusion. The testing revealed that there is a breaking point for people when there is no justice system. The conclusion was the men almost killing each other leaving one participant dead. The guys tried to be civil, because there was a rule of no violence or it will be shutdown. That did not last because the guards began to take the power to their heads, which is what the scientists predicted would happen. One of the participants even got up and yelled into the camera for it to end but the scientists ignored. I really enjoyed this movie and was happy I could connect it to what I have learned in Chapter two. The Experiment, Dir. Paul Scheuring, Perf. Adrien Brody, Forest Whitaker, Cam Gigandet, Clifton Collins, Jr., and Maggie Grace.2010. Just a sidenote, both medical and psychological experiments conducted on actual prisoners go as far back as 300 B.C. with most of them being overwhelmingly unethical in nature. I'm not sure if you know this but the film you are discussing is based on a true story famously called the Stanford Experiment. In 1971, Dr. Zimbardo led an experiment to observe the behavior of students who were assigned roles of guards and prisoner, like the movie, and he had planned on the study taking over two weeks. The experiment ended after just five days when some of students who were the guards became mentally and physically abusive towards their 'prisoners.' Heck, one of the 'guard' students adapted a southern accent along with a gruff demeanor and was referred to by fellow 'guards' as 'John Wayne'. The study is a prime example of how quickly some can abuse control under certain circumstances and left Dr. Zimbardo horrified by the result.

The 4 Fundamental Forces of Physics

The 4 Fundamental Forces of Physics The fundamental forces (or fundamental interactions) of physics are the ways that individual particles interact with each other. It turns out that every single interaction observed taking place in the universe can be broken down and described by only four (well, generally four- more on that later) types of interactions: GravityElectromagnetismWeak Interaction (or Weak Nuclear Force)Strong Interaction (or Strong Nuclear Force) Gravity Of the fundamental forces, gravity has the farthest reach, but its the weakest in actual magnitude. It is a purely attractive force which reaches through even the empty void of space to draw two masses toward each other. It keeps the planets in orbit around the sun and the moon in orbit around the Earth. Gravitation is described under the theory of general relativity, which defines it as the curvature of spacetime around an object of mass. This curvature, in turn, creates a situation where the path of least energy is toward the other object of mass. Electromagnetism Electromagnetism is the interaction of particles with an electrical charge. Charged particles at rest interact through electrostatic forces, while in motion they interact through both electrical and magnetic forces. For a long time, the electric and magnetic forces were considered to be different forces, but they were finally unified by James Clerk Maxwell in 1864, under Maxwells equations. In the 1940s, quantum electrodynamics consolidated electromagnetism with quantum physics. Electromagnetism is perhaps the most prevalent force in our world, as it can affect things at a reasonable distance and with a fair amount of force. Weak Interaction The weak interaction is a very powerful force that acts on the scale of the atomic nucleus. It causes phenomena such as beta decay. It has been consolidated with electromagnetism as a single interaction called the electroweak interaction. The weak interaction is mediated by the W boson (there are two types, the W and W- bosons) and also the Z boson. Strong Interaction The strongest of the forces is the aptly-named strong interaction, which is the force that, among other things, keeps nucleons (protons and neutrons) bound together. In the helium atom, for example, it is strong enough to bind two protons together even though their positive electrical charges cause them to repulse each other. In essence, the strong interaction allows particles called gluons to bind together quarks to create the nucleons in the first place. Gluons can also interact with other gluons, which gives the strong interaction a theoretically infinite distance, although its major manifestations are all at the subatomic level. Unifying the Fundamental Forces Many physicists believe that all four of the fundamental forces are, in fact, the manifestations of a single underlying (or unified) force which has yet to be discovered. Just as electricity, magnetism, and the weak force were unified into the electroweak interaction, they work to unify all of the fundamental forces. The current quantum mechanical interpretation of these forces is that the particles do not interact directly, but rather manifest virtual particles that mediate the actual interactions. All of the forces except for gravity have been consolidated into this Standard Model of interaction. The effort to unify gravity with the other three fundamental forces is called quantum gravity. It postulates the existence of a virtual particle called the graviton, which would be the mediating element in gravity interactions. To date, gravitons have not been detected, and no theories of quantum gravity have been successful or universally adopted.

Jews of Germany and Austria-Hungary, 1780-Present Assignment

Jews of Germany and Austria-Hungary, 1780-Present - Assignment Example He came to Berlin in 1743 and taught himself many languages such as German, English, French and Latin, and read other writings by philosophers in order to enlighten himself. He translated the Torah into German and this book was used to teach the German language to the German Jews. They were taught how to read and write in German. Moses began enlightening the German Jews but upheld his Jewish heritage. He encouraged the Jews to speak both German and Hebrew. However, some Jewish believers were against his ideas and considered it profane to learn anything else apart from Hebrew. Several Jewish education institutions were founded from 1778 to 1815 to instruct the German Jews in general science and scripture in German. With time, the Jews changed their thinking which was mainly centered on their religion into an enlightened culture focused on man. Once they learnt German, the Jews started following the ways of the Germans .The Jewish and German culture became more integrated and some Jews completely adopted German culture (Volkov 254). In 1782, a new law was enacted by Emperor Joseph II of Austria. This law was called the Edict of Tolerance and it aimed to fully integrate Jews into German life. They were granted access to education and training for jobs. The law also abolished all documents written in Jewish and decreed the use of German language only. The Jews were also required to use German surnames and drop the Jewish ones. German states followed the example of Austria and in 1812, the Prussian King, Frederick William enacted his Edict and many Prussian Jews were given rights of citizenship and change of names (Hertz 108). Goethe’s concepts of Bildung and Kultur were promoted through literally salons in the 1780s and 1790s. The literary salons were mainly apolitical meetings. Rahel Levin started the most prominent salon in 1791. This woman did not uphold her Jewish identity and supported the

Marketing Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marketing - Research Proposal Example The credit crunch currently being experienced provides an opportunity for an understanding of its influence on buyer behaviour. This learning will allow marketing to work out strategies to operate efficiently in markets, where there is a paucity of credit. Such strategies could include giving tangible value to brands and pricing and promotion strategies in a market where there is a paucity of credit. Lenard, 2008 suggests that during paucity of credit, consumers tend to equate price and brand. In other words in the credit crunch have made consumers hypersensitive to price and this provides an opportunity to develop a pricing strategy that capitalizes on this hypersensitivity of consumers to price. Less of brand promotion and more of competitive pricing may be the requirement in such a marketing strategy (Lenard, 2008). Why has price become such a dominant factor in consumer behaviour? Even prior to the credit crunch wages as a share of national income has been showing a downward trend over the last three decades raising the level of the influence of price on purchase decisions. The credit crunch has heightened this influence of price on purchase decision (Harman, 2008). High value capital goods are among the first places to feel the impact of credit crunch. This can be seen in the changed behaviour in car purchases in the United Kingdom, fuelled by the higher prices of petrol and the credit crunch. In the United Kingdom new car registrations fell by 21.8% in September 2008 (Committee on Climate Change, 2008). Consumer behaviour reaction has not just impacted high value capital goods, but almost every product and service. For almost fifty years consumers were given a surplus of credit that enabled them to purchase with the minimal influence of price. The credit crunch changed all that in that it sparked recession in the UK in the final quarter of 2008, which led to an increase in

Business leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business leadership - Essay Example Hence, both leadership and management are complementary in nature (Kotter, 6). What does it mean to say, â€Å"leadership is about change?† and how does the concept of â€Å"alignment† relate to leadership? The phrase â€Å"leadership is about change† signifies not just any type of chance but an alteration in the business environment. When the surroundings change new strategies will be required to match the changing needs. This is ensured by leadership the term â€Å"enabling† can therefore sum up the idea of change in this context (Heifetz, xii). Leadership is all about adapting to the changes, which will require effective communications with the subordinates. â€Å"Aligning† refers to empowering people to carry out tasks and is a problem of communications (Kotter, 10). What is â€Å"emotional hijacking†? Emotions certainly play an important role in leadership. This is most evident in the way two leaders might handle a same situation differe ntly. Temperament is very important and if a leader becomes enraged during communications, its effectiveness is lost.

Detection of Pesticides in Foods Using Chemiluminescence

Detection of Pesticides in Foods Using Chemiluminescence Sensitive And Selective Detection of Pesticides in Foods Using Chemiluminescence Zhou Yan Introduction Pesticides are widely used in agriculture to protect seeds and crops before and after harvesting. They have contributed significant economic benefits to society. At the same time, widespread use of pesticides has created serious problems regarding their effect on the environment and human health.[1]. Even low levels of contaminants can cause adverse effects on humans, animals, plants, and ecosystems. The application of pesticides has increased appreciably during the past few years, resulting in a potential risk for the human health.[2] .During recent decades, the number of publications on pesticide residue analysis has increased significantly, and important advances have been made in the development of methods for a wide variety of sample types[3]. N-methylcarbamates (NMCs) are commonly employed as pesticides, the structures show in figure 1. Their main characteristics of NMCs are low stability, high toxicity, and non-accumulation in organic tissues. Some of the NMCs, including carbaryl, carbofuran and methiocarb, are considered in the final list of compounds to be considered for periodic re-evaluations by the Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR)[4]. Fig.1 Stucture of the selected N-methylcarbamates Analysis of pesticides in food, environmental, forensic and clinical samples is a difficult task because of the low concentration values and matrix complexity of the target compounds. Gas chromatography (GC) has been widely used for pesticide analysis in food, clinical and environmental samples due to its high selectivity and sensitivity [5]. However, some analytes are not suitable for GC separation because of their low volatility, thermal lability or high polarity. Phenylurea, carbamate, benzimididazole some pyrethroid,, organophosphorus, and quaternary ammonium derivatives are examples of such pesticides[6] . Chemiluminescence is defined as the emission of light as the result of a chemical reaction[7]. Chemiluminescence (CL) is one of the highest sensitive analytical techniques for the detection of pesticides, due to the high dilution of these substances in environmental samples and compounds in a great variety of matrices depending on their participation in a CL reaction as catalysts, precursors, oxidation, inhibitors and so on. Three Sensitive And Selective Methods Detecting Pesticides in Foods Using Chemiluminescence Determination of pesticides in water and vegetables by HPLC with post-column chemiluminescence using the luminol reaction .[8]. Chemiluminescence (CL) has been revealed as an excellent tool for the detection of pesticides.[9] .The best known example is the luminol (5-aminophthalylhydrazide), The Proposed mechanism of the luminol CL reaction shows in Fig 2, when (5-aminophthalylhydrazide) is oxidated in alkaline medium , it produces the excited 3-aminophthalate anion, which emits light when it is relaxed to the ground state using several oxidants such hexacyanoferrate (III), permanganat and hydrogen peroxide and so on [10]. The reaction presents a powerful application as detection system in flow injection analysis (FIA) or in liquid chromatography (HPLC), where luminol-type compounds can be used as a derivatization reagents allowing the analytes to be detected at very low levels. Fig. 2 Proposed mechanism for the luminol CL reaction. A scheme of the HPLC–UV–CL system is shown in Fig. 3. The reversed phase separation was carried out in a C18 column. A peristaltic pump was used to deliver luminol and potassium permanganate . After separation and UV/vis detection at wavelength of 220 nm, with the stream of potassium permanganate and luminol solutions. A mixing reactor (d1) linked both â€Å"T† connectors. Another mixing reactor (d2 ), was used to link the outlet of the inlet of the detection cell and the second connector. The resulting stream was passed to the detection cell and the CL emission from oxidation of luminol was recorded as the background blank signal (baseline). The quantification of carbamates was based on the increase in the CL intensity , calculated as A=[I/IIS], where A is the analytical signal, I is the net CL signal due to the presence of the NMCs in the luminol–KMnO4 system, IIS is the CL signal. due to the internal standard. Ethiofencarb was choosed to be the IS ,due to it is well differentiated from the rest of analytes in the selected chromatographic conditions and also it is a NMC which produced an enhancement of the CL emission from the luminol oxidation by potassium permanganate in alkaline medium. Fig, 3 Scheme of the HPLC-UV-CL manifold, d1, d2: mixing reactors Recovery experiments were carried out in vegetables to check the applicability of the proposed methodology ,to make sure if it can use in the detection of NMCs in the real sample. No NMCs were detected when a sample blank was analyzed using the proposed method. Three replicates were prepared at each concentration level, and each one was injected by duplicate. obtaining recoveries in the range of 107.7–88.6%. Chromatograms of cucumber sample are presented in Fig. 4. Fig.4 Chromatogram of a cucumber sample applying the proposed HPLC–CL method: (A) Blank sample; (B) sample spiked with 50ug kg−1carbofuran and methiocarb and 5ug kg−1 carbaryl. Peaks: 1, carbofuran; 2, carbaryl; 3, methiocarb; IS, internal standard. A sensitive and selective HPLC–CL method was used for the determination of NMCs in vegetables. Compared with other sensitive methodologies which use CL or fluorescence detection, this method is very simple because no derivatization process is needed. the great enhancement produced by these compounds on the CL emission of luminol using permanganate as oxidant makes the resolution of three carbamates (carbofuran, carbaryl, and methiocarb) in less than 14 min possible. Chemiluminescence Switching on Peroxidase Like Fe3O4 Nanoparticles for Selective Determination of Various Pesticides.[11] Due to the classical CL systems have very low efficiency which can not transform the chemical energy into light efficiently, so the enhancement of their CL efficiency to give intense emission intensity is one of the most important factors in quantitative analysis. From now on , a number of approaches have been explored for the enhancement of the efficiency. Such as developing intrinsically selective CL switching at the surface of Fe3O4 nanoparticles ,which make a great contribution to the sensitive detection and simultaneous determination of various pesticides. Fe3O4 nanoparticles with high peroxidase-like catalytic activity can catalyze the decomposition of dissolved oxygen to generate superoxide anions at their surface. The surface superoxide anions have high chances to be scavenged in the presence of ethanol. However, the scavenging effect can be effectively inhibited through the specific binding of target molecules on Fe3O4 nanoparticles. As shown in figure 5, water has no effect on the CL change but ethanol can lead to a significant CL quenching of the luminol−Fe3O4 system. EP is one of the widely used organophosphorus pesticides . there is no CL response of the EP aqueous solution in the luminol−Fe3O4 system by using pesticide ethoprophos (EP) as the target analyte. If we add EP ethanol solution ,which resulting a significant CL enhancement . we can abserved clearly. Fig 5 Pesticide Ethoprophos (EP) and the Mediums Produce the CL Response on Luminol (LUM)-Based CL Systems As shown in Figure 6A, With increasing the concentration of EP solution to the luminol−Fe3O4−ethanol system, the CL will significantly and continuously enhanced. Such high enhancing response has proved that EP molecules can inhibit the scavenging of superoxide anions efficiently. But not all organophosphorus have this function. As shown in Figure 6B, only EP and PF organophosphorus esters (containing P=O bond) with a phosphorus−sulfur bond (P−S bond) are able to light up the CL systerm in luminol−Fe3O4−ethanol solution. Fig 6 CL switching-on chemosensor for sensitively and selectivel (A) CL enhancement of the luminol−Fe3O4 ethanol system with increasing the concentration of EP . (B) The CL response selectivity to arious pesticides (0.1 mM): ethoprophos (EP), profenofos (PF), dylox (DL), and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). In order to make sense of the mechanism of CL switching, we choose the FeCl2 as source materials to study the interaction between EP molecules and Fe2+ ions. For the purpose of having better understanding of the coordinative groups, we do the theoretical energy calculations, as shown in Fig 7. Due to the important principle of energy minimum, the conformation was optimized as the coordination of sulfur atom instead of the oxygen atom. This result is reasonable because sulfur is more polarizable than oxygen and naturaly has a stronger coordinative bond formation. These calculations and discussions imply that EP molecules will have the strongest coordinative with Fe2+ ions, among the four different pesticides. Therefore, it is reasonable to suppose that the CL enhancement is attributed to the coordination of EP molecules on surface Fe2+ ions that inhibits the scavenging of superoxide anions. Fig 7 Optimized Conformations of the Complexes of (EP)2 -FeCl2 Based on the Theoretical Calculation of the Binding Energies (ΔE) for Different Coordination Formats The mechanism of CL switching is illustrated in Figure 8. Firstly decomposition of dissolved oxygen by the intrinsic peroxidase-like catalytic activity of Fe3O4 nanoparticles, we can get the superoxide anions, and due to the high surface-to-volume ratio of the nanoparticles, the resultant superoxide anions will absorb at the surface of the Fe3O4 nanoparticles (1).Then, ethanol reacts with superoxide anions through the radical scavenging process (2) there is no light emission after the addition of luminol (3) EP molecules are first added into the Fe3O4 colloidal solution before adding ethanol, (4). This molecular structure can effectively inhibit the scavenging of superoxide anions from ethanol (5) even if in the presence of ethanol, the addition of luminol still produces a strong light emission (6). The two CL response formats are combined to form a CL â€Å"switching-on† chemosensor (7). Fig 8 Mechanism of CL switching at the surface of Fe3O4 nanoparticles: The CL â€Å"turn-on† chemosensor was used to sensitively detect nonredox molecules specificitly. and has a a lot of application in lab experiment, because of it has the ability to detect molecules of interest in complexed and real samples after a simple magnetic separation.. The very simple and versatile strategy should open a new window of the development of CL chemosensors. And also make a great development in the application of magnetic nanoparticles (à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ °) Analytical performances of validated chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassays to detect N-methylcarbamate pesticidesà £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 12à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) with chemiluminescent detection for the determination of carbaryl carbofuran and methiocarb were developed recently and the analytical parameters of these assays were compared with those of ELISAs with colorimetric detection. By using the chemiluminescent reagents for the detection of lower concentrations of horseradish peroxidase which can decrease the optimal antibody and conjugate concentrations and to reach better analytical parameters. Both in terms of accuracy and precision, results obtained by ELISAs correlated well. with those obtained by a liquid chromatography–electrospray mass spectrometry (LC/ESI/MS/MS) analysis, and also used as reference method to validate the immunoassays results. In order to fit into the linear part of the calibration curve and subsequently analysed by ELISA, each primary test sample was subjected to three independent dilutions .The dilution factors applied for the Nmethylcarbamate analysis are shown in Fig 9. Fig 9. Concentrations of immunoreagents and baby food sample dilutions applied in the ELISAs The reported results show that the chemiluminescent detection make a great improvement for the analytical performances of carbamates ELISAs. What’s more, the chemiluminescent ones with lower detection limits, can analyse various kinds of non-fatty samples simply and easily, just diluting them. This fact could avoid the extraction procedures and time consuming pre-treatment . Since the problems related with possible matrix effects can be easily overcome by using highly diluted samples. The time required to prepare the samples can be greatly reduced and their number increased significantly in each analytical session, as well as the reagents cost per assay is reduced. Conclusion : This review mainly introduce three Sensitive and Selective Methods Detecting Pesticides in Foods Using Chemiluminescence, each has advantages and disadvantages.(as shown in the following table). We can choose the appropriate method according to different situations. References: [1] Varsamis, D. C; Touloupakis, E.; Morlacchi, P.; Ghanotakis, D. C.; Giardi, M. T.;  Cullen, D. C. Talanta 2008, 77, 42–47. [2] Martà ­nez, E. J.; Barrales, P.; Cà ³rdova, M. L.; Medina, A. Anal Chimica Acta 2011, 684, 30–39. [3] Hua, L.; Mei, G.; Ping, H.; Yong, Z.; Long, L.; Hua, J.; Yong , M. Anal. Chem. 2012, 84, 255−261. [4] Alinorm 01/24A Appendix IX. Priority list of compounds scheduled for evaluation or reevaluation by JMPR. 2001 Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR). [5] Xian , G.; Tao, C.; Guang, Y. Chromatography A. 2005, 1100, 160–167. [6] Lesueur, C.; Knittl, P.; Gartner, M.; Mentler, A.; Fuerhacker, M.; Food Control. 2008, 19 906–914. [7] Gracia, A. M.; CampaËÅ" na, J. J.; Chinchilla, J. F.; Pà ©rez, A.; Casado. Trends. Anal. Chem. 2005, 24, 927. [8] Fernando, J.; Pà ©rez, H.; Marà ­a, A.; Campa, N. Anal Chimica Acta.2008, 630,194–200 [9] Lopez, J. L.; Catala-Icardo, M. Anal. lett .2011,44,146-175. [10]Laura, G..G.; Ana, M.; GarcÄ ±Ã‚ ´a, C.; Jorge, J. ;Soto, C.;, Jose, F.; Huertas, F.; Gonza, L. C. Anal Chem,2005 ,24, 11, [11] Guan, G. J.; Yang, L.; Mei, Q. S.; Zhang, K.; Zhang, Z. P.; Han, M. Y. Anal. Chem. 2012, 84, 9492−9497. [12] Barbora, M.; Tomas, K.; Pavel, R.; Mar ´Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ±a, J. M.; Antonio, A.; Angel, M.; Elida, F.; Fabiana, F.; Stefano, G.. Anal .Chimica. Acta .2005,528,243–248.