Analysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter

Alex Khosla Peritz, C Block October 31, 2014 A High Price to Pay Everything in life comes with a cost, be it a cost that can be paid with money or a cost that cannot be remedied in the physical world. In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne illustrates the high cost of identity and selfhood in society. Through the protagonist Hester Prynne, Hawthorne reveals the societal standards regarding chastity and sin that drive the high cost of identity and selfhood in society and their relation to the physical and metaphysical worlds. In addition, Hawthorne uses the townspeople of Boston, such as the old women in the town, high ranking officials, such as Governor Bellingham, Hester’s former husband, Roger Chillingworth, and her daughter, Pearl to further illustrate the high cost that Hester pays for her identity and selfhood. The cost of identity and selfhood is introduced from the beginning of the novel when the women are standing in front of the prison, waiting for Hester to exit. Hawthorne exhibits th e ideas of selfhood when one of the woman castigates to her friends â€Å"At the very least, they should have put the brand of a hot iron on Hester Prynne’s forehead. Madam Hester would have winced at that, I warrant me. But she, the baggage, little will she care what they put upon the bodice of her gown!† (49). Since the women outside the jail view Hester from a perceived moral high ground, they see Hester’s identity as the sinner, as observed when another one ofShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter Essay1234 Words   |  5 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne, in The Scarlet Letter, and Daniel Solove in his piece about â€Å"Shaming and the Digital Scarlet Letter† show that one who lives two lives with two dual personalities, purposefully or accidentally, can live the lie for only so long before he makes a mistake, becomes confused, and betrays his identity. The two lives that one leads most often have one persona used to conceal the other personality that society typically shuns, and he chooses to have these two personalities. He choosesRead MoreAnalysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter 1452 Words   |  6 PagesJunhee Chung A.P English Language August 20, 2015 Novel Analysis Assignment The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne Plot and Conflict The Crucible is a story that revolves around the Salem Witch Trials. The novel takes place in Salem Massachusetts in 1692. It starts off with the local pastor, Reverend Parris, catching a group of girls, one of them his daughter and one of them being his niece, practicing witchcraft in the woods. Abigail is the leader of the group of girls, and her motive forRead MoreAnalysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter 1606 Words   |  7 PagesMarin Fallon Mrs. Janosy English 2H 23 November 2015 Sin in the The Scarlet Letter The story of The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne is one with many twists and turns. A young woman moves to Boston, Massachusetts while her husband takes care of affairs in England. After two years pass she secretly has an affair with the Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale. When she becomes pregnant and gives birth to her daughter Pearl, the town punishes her for committing the act of adultery. She is sentenced to standRead MoreAnalysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter Essay1368 Words   |  6 PagesCharacters’ Name in The Scarlet Letter† (2015), suggests that Nathaniel Hawthorne uses symbolism to greatly enhance the importance of three of the main characters in his novel. Lei supports her suggestion by talking about the different ways in which each character’s name is symbolic, and how that directly correlates with their characteristics and their actions. Lei’s purpose is to elaborate on the depth of the main characters names in order to revea l to the reader how Hawthorne implicitly makes theRead MoreAnalysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter 1503 Words   |  7 PagesMartinez Mrs. Lee English 3H, Period 2 9 December 2015 Judgement Day American author, Nathaniel Hawthorne, felt guilty about the intolerance of his Puritan ancestors, one of whom judged at the Salem witch trials. He utilized his passionate sentiments regarding Puritanism as an inspiration for his iconic literary work, The Scarlet Letter; in which he does not embrace but rather critiques Puritan ideology. Because Hawthorne has fathomed the Puritan community, he favors to provide a more in depth understandingRead MoreAnalysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter 1217 Words   |  5 PagesBotts 1 McKenzie Botts Mrs. Eron English 2330, Section 02 November 10, 2014 A Sin is a Sin Nathaniel Hawthorne was a brilliant writer of the 19th century. Hawthorne created a novel that reflected the time period of the Puritans in New England. The Scarlet Letter contains a representation of the people during that time period but can also be related to the reader’s time period. Originally, God created the world with complete perfection until man fell, and sin entered the world. In the eyes of GodRead MoreAnalysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter 1128 Words   |  5 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne was an American novelist and short story writer.He was born in Masasschusetts in 1804 , whose father was a sea captain.He was descedant as a Puritan family known for their attacks on Quakers , Indians and ‘’witches ‘’.Therefore when he was 20 years old , he added a ‘’w’’ to his original name â€Å"†Hathorne’’ as a distance to his family past . Hawthorne ‘s characterists were described as a shy ,solitary ,idle student at school , who prefered reading as a lifestyle.He was graduatedRead MoreAnalysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter 1071 Words   |  5 PagesMrs. Jackson 16 December 2015 A Sinner Defined by The Scarlet Letter Society has not changed as far as labeling people and probably never will. In the Puritan society they branded, tortured, and defined human beings the way they saw them even though they did not know how the person they were humiliating truly was. Hester Prynne is a good example of this in the novel The Scarlet Letter written by the author Nathaniel Hawthorne. Hawthorne is using the character Hester in this novel to show how societyRead MoreAnalysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s Scarlet Letter 1392 Words   |  6 PagesAP Short Form â€Å"Scarlett Letter† AP English Language and Composition Title: Scarlet Letter Author and Date of Publication: Nathaniel Hawthorne, Publication in 1850 Significance of the Title: This book was titled The Scarlet Letter because the plot of the novel is centered around the question of who, besides Hetser is the other adulteress. Main Characters: Hester Prynne - The character of Hester is labeled as an adulteress, and is condemned to wear the scarlet letter for the rest of her daysRead MoreAnalysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter 1138 Words   |  5 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne, author of The Scarlet Letter, asserts that we must try to change situations if one feels like they can have control to do so. One should attempt to change conditions in the attempt to make life more joyful for themselves and if possible their community as well. It is the responsibility of an individual to make the world a better place to live for the future generations. The concept of making the best of every situation while spreading positive ideas accentuates the responsibilities

Cheating is Against The Rules - 1044 Words

I only have two hours to study for tomorrow’s math midterm due to the additional three essays and two presentations I have to turn in for my other classes. I have divided my available hours and for this exam, I could either study for two hours and not get a good grade, or break the rules by using the notes during the exam, therefore getting a guaranteed A. What should I do? Cheating is against the rules of all corporations, institutions, and life. It is not viewed as morally correct because as one cheats, one is taking the easy way out and disrespecting those who work hard for the same outcome, therefore breaking binding contract of respecting others around you. It is tempting though, as we know the outcome if we are not caught, and it†¦show more content†¦In this case, my decision-making would be reference to the results, which are getting a good grade, not doing much work the night before, and having more time to complete my other assignments. To this, I will be making my decisions out of inclination, and therefore in no way can cheating be created as a universal law, guiding it to be immoral. In the other hand, if I were to study for the exam, then Kant would agree that I would be acting out of responsibility, as he says, â€Å"responsibility must be based on the practical unconditioned necessity of an action. Thus it must hold true for all rational beings – since only for then can a categorical imperative apply. For this reason alone it can be a law for human will.† My actions of studying will be responsible, as I have worked for something that I don’t exactly know the outcome of. I do have the goal to achieve an A, but I do not have the assurance of getting it and therefore did not shape my action on a specific outcome. It could be held as true for all human though because if studying is stated as a universal, as it could be argued that it is, then there will be a purpose for the education institution to test students. Therefore, I would be following the instructions of a categorical imperative, as I would study to achieve my goal of getting a good grade in the exam. Kant also states that the motivation of my actions or myShow MoreRelatedDukes Mbas Cheating Scandal997 Words   |  4 PagesDuke s MBAs Cheating Scandal While students are overwhelmed with handbooks on plagiarism, school honor codes when they entering a university, cheatings are rampantly detected in university environment. Admittedly, plagiarism and cheating should be seriously punished. However, there do exist controversial cases where some assert that the cases are not considered cheatings, the others argue that they should be considered cheatings. An article named Duke MBAs Fail Ethics Test by Alison DamastRead MoreIt Is An Interesting Sight To See The Renouncing Of A Cheater.1317 Words   |  6 PagesIt is an interesting sight to see the renouncing of a cheater. Over the years, people catch students and professional athletes alike in the act of cheating. Forever, these students and athletes stand in disgrace and regret. According to Roger Alton in â€Å"A gold standard to cheating†, â€Å"the best cheats think outside the box† (1). Once, as Alton emphasizes, in the sport of fencing, â€Å"Boris Onischenko†¦ wired his epà ©e to trigger the electronic scoring with his hand and register a hit at will† (1). HoweverRead MoreEssay Cheating in Sports1397 Words   |  6 PagesCheating in Sports Sports are governed by sets of rules or customs and often, competition. Sports have always been a way to connect us to our past and to build optimism about the future. Sport’s a way to bond the people despite differences in race, age and gender. However, today the game that is supposed to teach character, discipline and team work is teaching cheating. And in today’s world, with fame, endorsement, drugs and so much to gain, it is not surprising that athletes are cheating inRead MoreWhat Makes A Good Person?933 Words   |  4 Pages The second reason for why adultery is ethically wrong is because it makes you a bad person. When confronted about cheating or considering cheating you would judge not by the consequences of it but by the morality of the act itself. You would be judged and questioned about your moral character. Moral character is the person you think you are and the person you’re aspired to be. This is the main element of virtue ethics. Virtue ethics focuses on specific qualities that make a good person. AlsoRead MorePersonal Ethics : An Ethical Person? Cheating On Taxes, Exams, Relationships948 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal Ethics: What does it mean to be an ethical person? Cheating on taxes, exams, relationships, etc., seems to be rampant. Is this a problem? Why or why not? 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These protections extend a student’s social media and to the digital contents of their cell phones. At the same time, public high schools have special characteristics associated with their duty to educate students and provide a safe and orderly place conducive to learning and so students accept greater restrictions of their constitutionalRead More Process Essay - How to Reduce Plagiarism and Cheating706 Words   |  3 PagesProcess Essay - How to Reduce Plagiarism and Cheating Recent studies have shown that a steadily growing number of students cheat or plagiarize in college -- and the data from high schools suggest that this number will continue to rise. A study by Don McCabe of Rutgers University showed that 74 percent of high school students admitted to one or more instances of serious cheating on tests. Even more disturbing is the way that many students define cheating and plagiarism. For example, they believeRead MoreShould Athletes Gain An Unfair Advantage By Using Performance Enhancing Drugs?935 Words   |  4 Pagesin whatever sport you may play. Athletes gain an unfair advantage by using PEDS. The use of PEDS is cheating because it violates constitutive rules of the activity. Cheating is wrong and one should be removed from the game if caught. This assumption is proven through a simple and straightforward argument. â€Å"Cheating is the deliberate, knowing, and voluntary violation of certain constitutive rules in order to gain a competitive advantage† (Athletes). The athlete is enhanced physically, but the value

Ridoran Manufactoring free essay sample

They hold an ISO 9000 certification which is an organization that establishes and measures quality control. In order to meet or exceed the level of quality required under ISO standards, Riordan Manufacturing will need to have knowledgeable and skilled employees within their organization. To attract premier candidates for their company, the compensation plan that is designed will need to be fair, rewarding, and competitive. This paper will outline the compensation plan for Riordan Manufacturing and include an evaluation of current trends and predict future trends, internal and external equity, a wage management process and retirement plan, financial influence on the plan’s options, and discuss the methods in which the plan will be communicated to members of the organization. Key Objectives According to Martocchio (2009), â€Å"Compensation professionals promote effective compensation systems by meeting three important goals: internal consistency, market competitiveness, and recognition of individual contributions† (Martocchio, 2009, p. 9). It is essential that these objectives are met to retain employees and make them feel valued and appreciated; all while functioning within the organizational budget. As Riordan Manufacturing considers themselves to be a leader within their industry, they understand that listening to the voice of their employees and remaining flexible regarding the compensation benefits offered worth together in alignment with their company mission. As â€Å"compensation systems are changing† (Martocchio, 2009, p. 23), Riordan Manufacturing will do well o consider plans offered by their competitors so that they will remain an industry leader. Trends and Issues An evaluation of current trends and issues in the company’s total compensation shows the company meeting goals in certain areas, but needs to improve in other areas. Riordan Manufacturing wants and â€Å"will maintain an innovative and team oriented working environment. By assuring that our employees are well informed and properly supported, we will provide a climate focused on the long-term viability of our company. Our Future must be focused in achieving and maintaining reasonable profitability to assure that the financial and human capital is available for sustained growth† (University of Phoenix,  2013, p. 1). The company’s current trends such as the flexible benefits program, salary administration program, and the CRM system is used to help meet the organizations vision and goals, and keep the employees interested and motivated. However, technology changes each day and in today’s business world it is important to keep the company’s IT system updated to meet the demands of the customers, and the day-to-day operations. Riordan has a system to track historical sales. In the past, most sales data was recorded using paper and pencil. In the last few years, the firm has managed the information electronically† (University of Phoenix,  2013, p. 1). In the future it is best the company does an update to improve the communication between the different sites, employ ees, monitor inventory, customer demands, and sales. The company should prepare to make some changes in its current infrastructure to sustain profitability and growth within the company. Internal and External equity Internal equity is based on the employees values and fairness, the values, and fairness of the pay relationships within the organization. The pay relationship within the organization has an affect on three compensation objectives. They affect the employee’s decisions to stay with the organization, to become more flexible by investing in additional training, or to seek greater responsibility (Milkovich, 2008, p. 64). The external equity is based on how the employee sees the companys pay structure and compensation system. What the employer pays, relative to what other employers will pay for the same type of work. The Riordan Manufacturing Company works toward a fair base system, attracting, and maintaining good workers when considering internal and external equity. Implementing job analysis, employee evaluations, work structure, pay ranges, and pay grades are ways the company endorse internal equity. Marketing surveys, supplying a competitive pay system, and salary surveys are used to implement external equity. This will allow the company to manage and implement a compensation structure that will add value and continue to make the organization successful. Wage Management and Rationale Riordan Manufacturing’s salary administration program was created â€Å"to achieve consistent pay practices, comply with federal and state laws, mirror our commitment to Equal Employment Opportunity, and offer competitive salaries within our labor market† (University of Phoenix,  2004,  p. 11). Employee compensation is based on several factors including but not limited to job analysis, evaluations, the duties and responsibilities of the job, and salary survey data on pay practices of other organizations in the same labor market to ensure Riordan’s compensation plan remains competitive (University of Phoenix,  2004). Merit-based pay adjustments may be offered for excellent employee performance. Riordan manufacturing’s salary administration program is review periodically and reconstructed when necessary (University of Phoenix,  2004). A retirement plan and how participation will be driven Riordan Manufacturing wants to make sure their employees participate in the company’s retirement plan. We will offer 401(k), Pension Plan and Profit Sharing plan. We feel that the futures of our employees are important. The way the Riordan will drive participation is by communicating clearing, emphasizing the benefits of plan participation, and to be creative. Communication is very important, using poorly or confusing materials do little to encourage plan participation. Some points to remember when communicating the plan information is to use examples that employees can relate to, keep communication brief and, use graphics like charts. Also making sure that we highlight key points will drive participation. Being creative is always a great way to encourage employees. An example would be to hold contest to promote participation. How will it be communicated? Want to promote retirement plan participation, so we want to make sure that the plan is communicated the best way possible. Since everyone works at different shits there will be different times that are available for the employees to sign up for. The discussion of the retirement plan will be in a classroom setting with a representative to explain the retirement plans that Riordan Manufacturing will offer. In these classes there will be handouts with information explaining the plan in detail and also a shorter version that will highlight the key points of the plan. In this setting this will promote participation because someone will be there to help with any questions that the employees may have and also help with the initial sign-up of the plans offered. Conclusion: Riordan Manufacturing’s goal is to maintain an innovative and team oriented working environment. By assuring that all employees are well informed and properly supported. Riordan Manufacturing considers themselves to be a leader within their industry, they understand that listening to the voice of their employees and remaining flexible regarding the compensation benefits offered worth together in alignment with their company mission. The company meets goals in certain areas, but needs to improve in other areas, and the current trends of the company such as the flexible benefits program, salary administration program, and the CRM system is used to help meet the organizations vision and goals, and keep the employees interested and motivated. However; the company should prepare to make some changes in its current infrastructure to sustain profitability and growth. In Riordan Manufacturing; the Employee’s compensation is based on several factors including but not limited to job analysis, evaluations, the duties and responsibilities of the job, as well as the salary survey data on pay practices of other organizations in the same labor market, to ensure Riordan’s compensation plan remains competitive. References Martocchio, J. J. (2009).

The HIV AIDS Virus Essay Example For Students

The HIV AIDS Virus Essay Citations AIDS.org news, treatment information, and other resources. www.aids.org/ HIV and AIDS Activities information from the FDA Office of Special Health Issues. We will write a custom essay on The HIV AIDS Virus specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now www.fda.gov/oashi/aids/hiv.html Specialized Information Services Home Page US National Library Library of Medicine (NLM) is responsible for information resources and services in toxicology, environmental health, chemistry, HIV/AIDS, and specialized www.sis.nlm.nih.gov CDC-NCHSTP-Divisions of HIV/AIDS Prevention (DHAP) Home Page .. . CDC Divisions of HIV / AIDS Prevention Home Page; logo: HIV / AIDS Prevention National Center for HIV, STD and TB Prevention Divisions of HIV/AIDS Prevention. www. cdc.gov/hiv/dhap.htm AIDSinfo federally approved information on AIDS research, clinical trials, and treatment from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Created by merging the AIDS Clinical Trials Information Service (ACTIS) and the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS). www.hivatis.org/ HIV InSite comprehensive and reliable information on HIV/AIDS treatment, policy, research, epidemiology, and prevention from the University of California, San Francisco. hivinsite.ucsf.edu/ HIV AIDS Virus AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome was first reported in the United States in 1981 and has since become a major worldwide epidemic. AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). By killing or damaging cells of the bodys immune system, HIV progressively destroys the bodys ability to fight infections and certain cancers. People diagnosed with AIDS may get life-threatening diseases called opportunistic infections, which are caused by microbes such as viruses or bacteria that usually do not make healthy people sick. More than 790,000 cases of AIDS have been reported in the United States since 1981, and as many as 900,000 Americans may be infected with HIV. This epidemic is growing more rapidly among minority populations and is a leading killer of African-American males ages 25 to 44. According to the U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), AIDS affects nearly seven times more African Americans and three times more Hispanics than whites. Transmission of HIV Having unprotected sex with an infected partner most commonly spreads HIV. The virus can enter the body through the lining of the vagina, vulva, penis, or mouth during sex. HIV also is spread through contact with infected blood. Before donated blood was screened for evidence of HIV infection and before heat-treating techniques to destroy HIV in blood products were introduced. HIV was transmitted through transfusions having the contaminated blood or blood components. Today, because of blood screening and heat treatment, the risk of getting HIV from such transfusions is extremely small. HIV frequently is spread among injection drug users by the sharing of needles or syringes contaminated with very small quantities of blood from someone infected with the virus. It is rare, however, for a patient to give HIV to a health care worker or vice-versa by accidental sticks with contaminated needles or other medical instruments. Although researchers have found HIV in the saliva of infected people, there is no evidence that the virus is spread by contact with saliva. Laboratory studies reveal that saliva has natural properties that limit the power of HIV to infect. Research studies of people infected with HIV have found no evidence that the virus is spread to others through saliva by kissing. No one knows, however, whether so-called deep kissing, involving the exchange of large amounts of saliva or oral intercourse increase the risk of infection. Scientists also have found no evidence that HIV is spread through sweat, tears, urine, or feces. Studies of families of HIV-infected people have shown clearly that HIV is not spread through casual contact such as the sharing of food utensils, towels and bedding, swimming pools, telephones, or toilet seats. Biting insects such as mosquitoes or bedbugs does not spread HIV. HIV can infect anyone who practices risky behaviors such as #61623; Sharing drug needles or syringes #61623; Having sexual contact with an infected person without using a condom #61623; Having sexual contact with someone whose HIV status is unknown Having a sexually transmitted disease such as syphilis, genital herpes, chlamydial infection, gonorrhea, or bacterial vaginosis appears to make people more susceptible to getting HIV infection during sex with infected partners. .uc61f005c8c5f443c394420073a6b2256 , .uc61f005c8c5f443c394420073a6b2256 .postImageUrl , .uc61f005c8c5f443c394420073a6b2256 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc61f005c8c5f443c394420073a6b2256 , .uc61f005c8c5f443c394420073a6b2256:hover , .uc61f005c8c5f443c394420073a6b2256:visited , .uc61f005c8c5f443c394420073a6b2256:active { border:0!important; } .uc61f005c8c5f443c394420073a6b2256 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc61f005c8c5f443c394420073a6b2256 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc61f005c8c5f443c394420073a6b2256:active , .uc61f005c8c5f443c394420073a6b2256:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc61f005c8c5f443c394420073a6b2256 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc61f005c8c5f443c394420073a6b2256 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc61f005c8c5f443c394420073a6b2256 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc61f005c8c5f443c394420073a6b2256 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc61f005c8c5f443c394420073a6b2256:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc61f005c8c5f443c394420073a6b2256 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc61f005c8c5f443c394420073a6b2256 .uc61f005c8c5f443c394420073a6b2256-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc61f005c8c5f443c394420073a6b2256:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Little Miss Sunshine analysis Essay What are the early symptoms of HIV infection? Many people do not have any symptoms when they first become infected with HIV. Some people, . The HIV AIDS Virus Essay Example For Students The HIV AIDS Virus Essay Citations AIDS.org news, treatment information, and other resources. www.aids.org/ HIV and AIDS Activities information from the FDA Office of Special Health Issues. We will write a custom essay on The HIV AIDS Virus specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now www.fda.gov/oashi/aids/hiv.html Specialized Information Services Home Page US National Library Library of Medicine (NLM) is responsible for information resources and services in toxicology, environmental health, chemistry, HIV/AIDS, and specialized www.sis.nlm.nih.gov CDC-NCHSTP-Divisions of HIV/AIDS Prevention (DHAP) Home Page .. . CDC Divisions of HIV / AIDS Prevention Home Page; logo: HIV / AIDS Prevention National Center for HIV, STD and TB Prevention Divisions of HIV/AIDS Prevention. www. cdc.gov/hiv/dhap.htm AIDSinfo federally approved information on AIDS research, clinical trials, and treatment from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Created by merging the AIDS Clinical Trials Information Service (ACTIS) and the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS). www.hivatis.org/ HIV InSite comprehensive and reliable information on HIV/AIDS treatment, policy, research, epidemiology, and prevention from the University of California, San Francisco. hivinsite.ucsf.edu/ HIV AIDS Virus AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome was first reported in the United States in 1981 and has since become a major worldwide epidemic. AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). By killing or damaging cells of the bodys immune system, HIV progressively destroys the bodys ability to fight infections and certain cancers. People diagnosed with AIDS may get life-threatening diseases called opportunistic infections, which are caused by microbes such as viruses or bacteria that usually do not make healthy people sick. More than 790,000 cases of AIDS have been reported in the United States since 1981, and as many as 900,000 Americans may be infected with HIV. This epidemic is growing more rapidly among minority populations and is a leading killer of African-American males ages 25 to 44. According to the U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), AIDS affects nearly seven times more African Americans and three times more Hispanics than whites. Transmission of HIV Having unprotected sex with an infected partner most commonly spreads HIV. The virus can enter the body through the lining of the vagina, vulva, penis, or mouth during sex. HIV also is spread through contact with infected blood. Before donated blood was screened for evidence of HIV infection and before heat-treating techniques to destroy HIV in blood products were introduced. HIV was transmitted through transfusions having the contaminated blood or blood components. Today, because of blood screening and heat treatment, the risk of getting HIV from such transfusions is extremely small. HIV frequently is spread among injection drug users by the sharing of needles or syringes contaminated with very small quantities of blood from someone infected with the virus. It is rare, however, for a patient to give HIV to a health care worker or vice-versa by accidental sticks with contaminated needles or other medical instruments. Although researchers have found HIV in the saliva of infected people, there is no evidence that the virus is spread by contact with saliva. Laboratory studies reveal that saliva has natural properties that limit the power of HIV to infect. Research studies of people infected with HIV have found no evidence that the virus is spread to others through saliva by kissing. No one knows, however, whether so-called deep kissing, involving the exchange of large amounts of saliva or oral intercourse increase the risk of infection. Scientists also have found no evidence that HIV is spread through sweat, tears, urine, or feces. Studies of families of HIV-infected people have shown clearly that HIV is not spread through casual contact such as the sharing of food utensils, towels and bedding, swimming pools, telephones, or toilet seats. Biting insects such as mosquitoes or bedbugs does not spread HIV. HIV can infect anyone who practices risky behaviors such as Sharing drug needles or syringes Having sexual contact with an infected person without using a condom Having sexual contact with someone whose HIV status is unknown Having a sexually transmitted disease such as syphilis, genital herpes, chlamydial infection, gonorrhea, or bacterial vaginosis appears to make people more susceptible to getting HIV infection during sex with infected partners. .uc665d0f6e8bd20b7734e0380e5885d27 , .uc665d0f6e8bd20b7734e0380e5885d27 .postImageUrl , .uc665d0f6e8bd20b7734e0380e5885d27 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc665d0f6e8bd20b7734e0380e5885d27 , .uc665d0f6e8bd20b7734e0380e5885d27:hover , .uc665d0f6e8bd20b7734e0380e5885d27:visited , .uc665d0f6e8bd20b7734e0380e5885d27:active { border:0!important; } .uc665d0f6e8bd20b7734e0380e5885d27 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc665d0f6e8bd20b7734e0380e5885d27 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc665d0f6e8bd20b7734e0380e5885d27:active , .uc665d0f6e8bd20b7734e0380e5885d27:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc665d0f6e8bd20b7734e0380e5885d27 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc665d0f6e8bd20b7734e0380e5885d27 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc665d0f6e8bd20b7734e0380e5885d27 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc665d0f6e8bd20b7734e0380e5885d27 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc665d0f6e8bd20b7734e0380e5885d27:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc665d0f6e8bd20b7734e0380e5885d27 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc665d0f6e8bd20b7734e0380e5885d27 .uc665d0f6e8bd20b7734e0380e5885d27-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc665d0f6e8bd20b7734e0380e5885d27:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: William Bradford Analysis Essay What are the early symptoms of HIV infection? Many people do not have any symptoms when they first become infected with HIV. Some .